Nobel Peace Prize Recipient. Ludwig Quidde received recognition after being awarded the 1927 Nobel Peace Prize, sharing the award jointly with Frenchman Ferdinand Buisson. The two men received the coveted award, according to the Nobel Prize committee, "for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favors peaceful international cooperation." He received 37 nominations for the Nobel candidacy within a three-year period. Born the oldest son of a wealthy merchant, he received a liberal education full of history and humanities. He studied at the Universities of Strassburg and Göttingen, where his professors recognized and furthered his aptitude for historical research. He graduated in 1889 from the University of Gottingen. Under the sponsorship of a professor from the University of Göttingen, Quidde was given a post on a board of editors responsible for the publication of the medieval German Reichstag documents. Besides receiving notoriety for being a Nobel Peace recipient, he was mainly remembered in the 21 st century for his criticism of German Emperor Wilhelm II, the aggressor in World War I. In 1882 he married Margarethe Jacobson, a talented musician, and his father-in-law was Jewish. In 1894 he published a satire, "Caligula: A Study in Caesarian Insanity," which was against Wilhelm II. Two years later on January 20, 1896, he was arrested and sent to Stadelheim Prison for six months for political reasons. He became a member of the International Peace Bureau, in an attempt to allay any hostilities between Germany and France as the results of the Franco-German War, which ended in 1871. Germany, who had defeated France, had taken the area of France called Alsace-Lorraine as a spoil of the war. After entering politics, he helped to reorganize the German People's Party in 1895 which was, in political philosophy, anti-Prussian and antimilitary. He held a leadership role in the World Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901, and acted at the Congress at Lucerne in 1905 in an attempt to achieve a rapprochement between German and France, and supervised the organization of the World Peace Congress of 1907. During World War I, he spoke against Germany's annexation of any more territory from neighboring countries, and as a result he was placed under political surveillance. He became very active in the international peace movement. In 1914 he was elected president of the German Peace Society, a position he held for fifteen years. After World War I, he was elected to the Weimar National Assembly. Quidde was disappointed at the harsh treatment of Germany after the war, but continued to work against funding the German military and Germany seeking revenge. Politically active as a public servant, he was a member of the Town Council of Munich from 1902 to 1910, a member of the Bavarian Parliament from 1907 to 1919 and 1919 to 1920 of the Constituent National Assembly of Weimar. For a short time, he went into exile in Switzerland. After World War I, Germany had a limited military force, which was part of the agreement after the Treaty of Versailles. For writing an article in 1924 exposing Germany's secret military training, he was arrested, found guilty of "collaborating with the enemy", and sentenced to prison for a brief period. Over his life-time, he was arrested several times for his political stance and held for long periods but actually not sentenced to prison. As Adolph Hitler came to power in 1933, his long-time post on the board of editors for German Reichstag documents was discontinued by the Bavarian Historical Commission for political reasons. At this point and fearing for his life, he went in self-imposed exile to Geneva, Switzerland. Even though friends helped him, his living conditions in Geneva were very poor, but he supported other Germans pacifists, who were escaping Hitler's dictatorship. He founded the "Committee for the Support of Exile Pacifists." His wife stayed in Germany caring for her sick sister, and while the couple were separated, his wife died of heart failure on April 25, 1940. He died the next year while in exile. He had received an advance for his projected book, "German Pacifism During the World War," which was never finished. After his death, many of his personal papers were lost during the bombings of World War II.