Author. He is a Polish Historian, bibliographer, politician, and educator. He is most famous for writing over thirty books on the history of Poland. His family was German except for his immediate branch which was Polish. His German ancestors included Heinrich von Löllhöffel, courtier of August III. An 1808 graduated from Imperial University of Vilna, he was became a full professor of Polish History within a few year. He was a member of the "Warsaw Society of Friends of Science" and later became known as one of founders of modern Polish historical thought. Deprived of his professor's chair by the Russian governor for having "secret political societies", he moved to Warsaw, where he engaged in even more political activity; he was an associate of Adam Mickiewicz. Politically, he was elected in 1828 a deputy to the Sejm Congress of Polish Parliament, became well-known as an ideologist of the liberation movement, and became chairman of the Patriotic Society. The Polish class system of the lowly struggling Peasants laboring for Aristocratic ruling class was a subject near to his heart. After the defeat of the Polish Uprising of 1830 to 1831, he actually walked across Germany to Paris. In today's history books, he was given credit with the uprising's motto of "For our freedom and yours". He feared for his life as the Russian Czar Nicholas I had labeled him as a dangerous rebel. In 1833 he attempted to organize the Polish people from Paris but was expelled from France upon the intervention of the Russian ambassador. At this point, he disguised himself and walked to Brussels, where he published his writings in French. Independent of other historians, he produced more than 20 volumes of Polish and European history documenting the earliest of times to the 19th century. His literary activity written in Polish and French languages was enormous: "Edda skandynawska" ("The Scandinavian Edda"), in 1807 to his "Géographie des Arabes in 1851. One of his most important publications was "La Géographie du moyen âge" (5 vols., 1852–1857), with an atlas in 1849 of fifty plates entirely engraved by himself, for he attached such importance to the accuracy of his maps that he would not allow them to be executed by anyone else. His detailed view of history was not only from reading old documents but a "cause and effect" of what was actually happening to people. Other publications: "Polska, dzieje i rzeczy jej rozpatrzywane" (Poland, Her History and Affairs Surveyed), in 20 vols. 1853–1876; in 1823 Dzieje Polski, and afterwards largely rewritten in the "Histoire de Pologne" (2 vols., 1844); "La Pologne au moyen âge" (Poland in the Middle Ages, 3 vols., 1846–1851), an edition of the "Chronicle of Matthew Cholewask" in 1811 and "Ancient Memorials of Polish Legislation"(Księgi ustaw polskich i mazowieckich). He also wrote on the trade of Carthage, on the geographer Pytheas of Marseille, and two important works on numismatics (La Numismatique du moyen âge, 2 vols., 1835; Etudes numismatiques, 1840). Being employed in the Warsaw University library gave him an opportunity to study bibliographies and the fruits of his labors may be seen in his "Bibliograficznych Ksiąg dwoje" (Two Bibliographic Books, 2 vols., 1823–1826. He wrote an autobiography, "Adventures while Prosecuting Researches and Inquiries on Polish Matters", printed in Poland. For nearly thirty years, he lived almost penniless in Brussels. He was a founding member of Democratic Society for Unity and Brotherhood of All Peoples as were Karl Marx and Frederick Engels; the anarchist Michail Bakunin was strongly influenced by him. Within a few days of returning to Paris, he died and was buried there; later his body was returned to his beloved Poland.